HOPE

Hope

what is hope for me

Hope is something that we just wish would come true because we know its almost impossible for us to do.

hope is passive

Hope is an emotion that carries us through dark times; that buoys us up when we would otherwise go under.

Hope is an expectant waiting for something certain and not a wanting. It is a trusting.

hope for my partners return from work at the end of the day.

I think hope is active.

hope in the passive way, when I hope for something I wish to happen, to happen to me, I sort of leave it to greater forces in a sort of helplessness, it is not up to me.

Hope is something we choose to wish to happen. I hope for peace.

Hope is future looking, usually about things out of our control. – I hope the economy improves before I sell my house.

I hope that she would talk to me if we met. Hope can also be more cerebral,

Hope is a wish.

Hope is that against all odds, there’s the slight chance something good migh We as people need hope to grasp onto tomorrow. t happen if you believe it can be.

Hope is a feeling of expectation Hopes are for the dreamers. Easy for most people to say; hard for some to understand.

Hope,” on the other hand, is used in a conversation conveying a possibility of an event that one looks forward to. hope” is backed by a reasonable confidence about the desire. Hope is also used to refer to something positive and doable.

"hope" - I believe somewhat that it will happen.

"hope" - feels like ... EMOTION::fact

'Hope', on the other hand, can be more commonly used with an active behavior as it is oftenly used for permanent or longer-term desires.

"Since I hope that I can get a promotion, I'm working harder and harder everyday."

but: "I hope the global warming can unite all men."

'I hope it rains today.' With hope, you want something to happen and when it does, you are actually really happy. This is something you weren't guaranteed, so it is a gift, a bonus. But when it doesn't happen, it's completely okay because you knew all along that it most likely would not happen. Hope has the negative potential for no response (0), but the positive potential of bliss (100).

What it Means to Hope against the ones that appear to be opposite.

Hope admits reality, always acknowledging what is, but never resigning itself to what is.

Hope allows other to grow. It desires good for another, but gives them room to change over time.

Hope is not limited by previous experience. We can hope for more than what we know. We can hope for something better. Our imaginations and dreams influence our hopes.

Since hope admits uncertainty, it does not die when it goes unmet. A hope deferred does not kill the soul. We may need to adjust our hopes, but we can always keep hoping.

Hope helps us to keep moving forward. Hope fills us with life.

When someone does not live up to our hopes, we can keep hoping for them because hope is flexible. We may adjust our hopes based on what we learned. We may even let go of our hopes realizing they were too unrealistic.

But we can always have hope for them. As May put it, “There is no such thing as a false hope.”

Love is hope.

Hope is the belief that circumstances in the future will be better. It's not a wish that things will get better, but an actual belief, even when there may be no evidence that anything will change. Hope can encompass a wide variety of beliefs -- everything from a high school student hoping for an A in algebra to a cancer patient hoping for a cure.

hope is used in three senses:

a desire for something good in the future,

the thing in the future that we desire, and

the basis or reason for thinking that our desire may indeed be fulfilled.

hope is something that should not waver, because it is rooted in the faithfulness of God.

Hope to look forward to with confidence or expectation

Hope is almost solely passive

Hope may it will fulfill

Desire

Desire is something you will get because you really, really want it.

My two cents.

Desire is self-based. Desire is tied more closely to physical feelings, like a desire for food or sleep.

Desire is a strong wanting or wishing to obtain something (which when referred to as the root of suffering is often called Taṇhā ) I desire the perfect piece of chocolate.

desire gets a negative reputation. 

When I desire something to happen, I work on my own without letting greater forces to lead me to my right place in life.

Desire is passive. Desire for food or sex is not something we choose. An addict desires drugs. Desire is more immediate and usually involves things within our ability to control. – I desire sweets. They can be present in the same impulse. I desire the beautiful model in the magazine, desire more instinctual.

Base desire for base needs, food, water, shelter, air, is not the same thing as desire for stuff, recognition, status, success, which are ‘things’ that bolster egos need to be seen as special or better than.

Desire is the insatiable appetite of the body, only to pleasure it and give nothing in return.

We as people also need desire to make sure tomorrow comes.

desire for a particular thing to happen, 

To desire is to be in a particular state of mind. It is a state of mind familiar to everyone who has ever wanted to drink water or desired to know what has happened to an old friend, but its familiarity does not make it easy to give a theory of desire.

Controversy immediately breaks out when asking whether wanting water and desiring knowledge are, at bottom, the same state of mind as others that seem somewhat similar: wishing never to have been born, preferring mangoes to peaches, craving gin, having world conquest as one's goal, having a purpose in sneaking out to the shed, or being inclined to provoke just for the sake of provocation.

These varied states of mind have all been grouped together under the heading of ‘pro attitudes’, but whether the pro attitudes are fundamentally one mental state or many is disputed.

In spite of the disputes, it is nonetheless possible to get a fix on desire itself.

Desiring is a state of mind that is commonly associated with a number of different effects: a person with a desire tends to act in certain ways, feel in certain ways, and think in certain ways.

 If Nora desires tea, for example, then Nora will typically make herself a cup of tea; if she does not get herself some tea right away she will nonetheless typically feel the urge to do so; she will find the thought of tea pleasant and will find her current lack of tea unpleasant; she will find her thoughts repeatedly turning to the idea of tea; she will judge that tea seems like a good idea; and so on.

These various effects have been the focus of efforts to develop theories that are theories of desire.

Understanding desires requires at least two things:

first, to have a theory of desire itself,

and second, to have some familiarity with the varieties of desires that there are.

Once acquired, an understanding of desire can illuminate a number of controversies surrounding desire.

Desire to long for which earnestly to call for express a wish for eagerness to have something

Desire is active

Desire leads to action on the part of the one feeling desire

Desire we do to fulfill it

how do i difference between hope and desire

You hope for what you desire,

and you desire what you hope for.

Hope though is the catalyst for taking a course of action to achieve what you desire.

Without hope and a realistic course of action, a desire is then but a dream.

It can be the same thing, or it can be different – it depends on how you use them.

If I hope that I have smooth traffic on my way into work in the morning,

but I’m disappointed when there’s a backup,

hope is the same as desire, and my attachment to a certain outcome causes suffering.

If I hope that my Mother recovers well from heart surgery,

my desire for her general well-being results from basic compassion, and any suffering would be in the form of empathy and care unrelated to an attachment to an outcome.

Perhaps a more helpful examination would be to compare hope and faith.

I like the Derrick Jensen’s take on hope: “hope is a longing for a future condition over which you have no agency; it means you are essentially powerless.”

For example,

you might desire to have tacos for dinner. In your desire, you could decide that would will make or buy tacos.

Or,

you can hope that the person who cooks for you will provide you with tacos.

When you say you hope for something, you are either admitting you have no control over what you hope for, or at least you believe that to be the case.

I don’t mean that in Scripture hope is a desire for something bad (instead of something good). And I don’t mean that in Scripture hope is rejection of good (instead of desire for it). It is not the opposite in those senses.

It is the opposite in this sense: ordinarily when we use the word hope, we express uncertainty rather than certainty.

“I hope daddy gets home early,” means, “I don’t have any certainty that daddy will get home on time, I only desire that he does.”

“Our hope is that Jim will arrive safely,” means, “We don’t know if he will or not, but that is our desire.”

A good tailwind is our only hope of arriving on time,” means, “A good tailwind would bring us to our desired goal, but we can’t be sure we will get one.”

is desire more intense

Yes, "an intense young woman, passionate about her art"

having or showing strong feelings or opinions; extremely earnest or serious and more like passionate, impassioned, ardent, earnest, fervent, fervid, hot blooded, zealous, vehement, fiery, heated, feverish, emotional, heartfelt, eager, keen, enthusiastic, excited, animated, spirited, vigorous, strong, energetic, messianic, fanatical, committed.

"the job demands intense concentration"

of extreme force, degree, or strength and more like great, acute, enormous, fierce, severe, extreme, high, exceptional, extraordinary, harsh, strong, powerful, potent, vigorous.

is the desire different from my desire

Yes, men still desired women

to long or hope for:  exhibit or feel desire for desire success. 

 

to express a wish for:  request they desire an immediate answer archaic :  to express a wish to:  ask desired them to reconsider

to have or feel desire they may come if they so desire.

For example

Crisp the other side, adding more butter as desired, another 5 to 10 minutes.

It can be siphoned to a 5-gallon carboy to allow extra time for clearing if desired, for about 7 days.

It's packed with all the looks your heart could desire.

See examples of desire 

 

1.   He desired her approval more than anything.

2.   The apartment has modern amenities, a great location—everything you could desire.

3.   She knew that men still desired her.

kinds of emotions i felt while visualizing hope and desire

Humans have so many emotions to cope with, and they don't know why. Is it because they are superior in their sensitivity, or are they just an unstable mess? Are emotions the reason humans strive to achieve so much more, or are they a block to creativity? To answer these questions, it is important to know the difference between an emotion and a desire. 

Desires arise from actual bodily structures. Each organ in the body has a role to play, and has certain needs to make it perform optimally. The stomach needs food, the blood needs oxygen, the gonads need sex, the inner ear needs balance, and the cerebral cortex needs efficient neural pathways or understandings. When these organs are in need, they send a message to the brain that we interpret as desire.

Emotions on the other hand are generated according to one's mental state. They arise from ill-defined neural pathways, rather than specific organs, and are therefore harder to study and interpret.

 I consider that all emotions arise from within the cerebral cortex, and then, only after experience and learning.

“Our hope is that Jim will arrive safely,” means, “We don’t know if he will or not, but that is our desire.”

yes , visualization is incomplete without evoking emotion.

a regular meditation helps you to control your emotions and you can evoke it at your own will.

if you are not into meditation, then watch a 10 minutes motivational video or any video (related to the emotion you want to evoke), before visualizing. That will release dopamine and hence your purpose will be solved.

Imagine a happy situation of your life or according to the need, i.e if you want to visualize something related to courage than go back to the time when you felt courageous and imagine that. That will help you to feel courageous and you can evoke that particular emotion.

To put it simply, when visualizing, you don’t get emotion from seeing what you visualize, you fuel it with emotion with your lower body, aka “the butterflies in the stomach”, pure emotion.

Its hard to describe, because what I am describing is literally beyond the intellectual grasp. You can think in emotional terms, you can think about emotions, yes, but you have to come from a different place when utilizing your emotions.

If we would consider the intellect coming “from the head”, then the emotions would come from the lower parts of your body…try to feel it.

So for example… you ever seen live footage of Michael Jackson fans just before he enters the stadium or arena at the start of his concerts… fans definitely evoke emotion

So How do we incite passion or any other positive emotion… during visualization

1.    By LINKING PLEASURE / POSITIVE THINKING to the thing we want before starting the visualization… write on a piece of paper… the reason why you want this and even why you will achieve it

2.    During visualization… add bright colours … such as orange … a powerful technique is imagining a mini SUN (our Solar System Sun) vibrating in your chest giving you superhuman power … then imagine this power spreading through the body and spilling outside… this will 100% turn up the passion / heat / excitement etc  

There are also other ways to evoke a stronger and more positive emotion… eg make a list of all the things you totally love that usually make you excited anyway when thinking or conversing on them… then add these to your visualization

Emotions  are two kids:

Positive emotions to human well-being.

Negative emotions, such as fear, anger, and disgust, lead to narrow responses focused on avoiding or confronting threat.

Robert Plutchik's theory says that the eight basic emotions are:

·       Fear → feeling afraid.

·       Anger → feeling angry. ...

·       Sadness → feeling sad. ...

·       Joy → feeling happy. ...

·       Disgust → feeling something is wrong or nasty.

·       Surprise → being unprepared for something.

·       Trust → a positive emotion; admiration is stronger; acceptance is weaker.

20 positive feeling words representing positive feelings and emotions!

The order of the feelings and emotions is random. Research each positive feeling word on the internet. In this way, you will increase your knowledge about the meaning of the positive feelings that stand behind these positive words. Also, go and read the explanation of the meaning of these positive feeling words in TheFreeDictionary.com and Wikipedia.com.

1. JOY

 Joy comes from the experiences which are delightful and memorable when you feel that everything is right when you feel happy, safe, satisfied, and comfortable. It is a feeling of great happiness and pleasure that lifts up the spirit.

2. INTEREST

Every human being has the desire to learn new things, see new places. Humans are curious and eager to explore, and the feeling of interests comes from that curiosity. When you feel interested in something, a person, a place, or else, you instantly become more open to the adventure and experiences, you discover and learn.

3. SERENITY

 In many ways, serenity is similar to joy, because you feel that everything is right and that feeling is followed by the tranquility and peace of mind. It means being in the state where you feel relaxed when you don’t have any worries, where you are completely calm, enjoying.

4. HOPE

At certain moments in life, you may experience some problems, and feeling the hope means you know all those issues are not permanent ones, it means you feel and believe things will change for the better, and the future is bright and beautiful.

5. GRATITUDE

Gratitude is about appreciation, for certain things and people you have in your life, such as good health, great friends and family members, the talents you might possess, fortune, fame, and more, and being thankful for it.

6. KINDNESS

Kindness often involves affection, and warmth and this emotion is about being considerate, being generous and friendly to other people.

7. SURPRISE (PLEASANT)

When you do not expect a certain event to happen, and if the event happens, which is not only unexpected but is pleasurable and desirable, you will be pleasantly surprised.

8. CHEERFULNESS

Feeling cheerful means you are in the state of mind which is positive, it means you are optimistic and happy.

9. CONFIDENCE

Believing that you can do something, that you can accomplish certain goals, or that you will successfully finish a particular task means that you feel confident.

10. ADMIRATION

When you feel positive about people who are skillful, talented, and exceptional is something, you will admire those people. Admiration is a positive social emotion.

11. ENTHUSIASM

Enthusiasm is the emotion you will feel when you are extremely excited about something when you are very interested in something.

12. EUPHORIA

This emotion is something you will feel when you are simply overwhelmed with an experience that involves a great joy. For instance, you may be euphoric when your favorite football team is winning a game.

13. SATISFACTION

Satisfaction is the emotion you will usually feel after you fulfill a certain desire or need you had, but you can also feel satisfied when you help someone with something.

14. PRIDE

Pride is the emotion that comes from feeling important and exalted for the things you achieved or the things you currently do. When you achieve something great, which is considered as valuable in social terms, you will be proud of that achievement. Feeling proud has the positive impact on self-confidence.

15. CONTENTMENT

Contentment is the emotion you’ll feel when you are satisfied and happy when your mind is at ease.

16. INSPIRATION

Feeling inspired comes from the uplifting experience which basically takes your breath away, such as watching a sunset which is simply perfect, being the witness of an excellence and more.

17. AMUSEMENT

Life is full of humor, funny stories and jokes, and funny and playful experiences that will make you laugh so hard, and in those moments, you will feel completely amused.

18. ENJOYMENT

When experiencing or doing something you like, when simply taking a pleasure in something, means you enjoy it. It is a feeling of pleasure.

19. AWE

Awe is something that happens when you see or experience something truly powerful and great, and when you are completely stunned by all that greatness. For instance, it may come from seeing things such as an impressive work of art, beautiful sunset, or Niagara waterfalls, Grand Canyon, an amazing beach covered in white sand, or else.

20. LOVE

The list of the top 20 positive feelings and emotions is random, but the fact is, love is without any doubt the most frequent positive feeling. Moreover, love is the emotion that includes many other emotions and feelings, such as gratitude, interest, joy, awe and more. Love is an extremely strong feeling of affection, and it is the feeling that makes people feel good, feel happy, and it makes the life as beautiful as it is.

Hope is a feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen, They say its better to stay in the dark, because in the dark there may be fear, but there's also hope, Hope to get out alive, Hope to survive. Its like you need something to happen. You just need a sign, a reason to go on. You need some HOPE and in absence of hope, Its like you need to stay in bed a feel like you are going to die today.

Hope is an optimistic attitude of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes related to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large. As a verb, its definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish a desire with anticipation".

In psychology

Barbara Fredrickson argues that hope comes into its own when crisis looms, opening us to new creative possibilities. Frederickson argues that with great need comes an unusually wide range of ideas, as well as such positive emotions as happiness and joy, courage, and empowerment, drawn from four different areas of one’s self: from a cognitive, psychological, social, or physical perspective. Hopeful people are "like the little engine that could, [because] they keep telling themselves "I think I can, I think I can". Such positive thinking bears fruit when based on a realistic sense of optimism, not on a naive "false hope".

The psychologist Charles R. Snyder linked hope to the existence of a goal, combined with a determined plan for reaching that goal: Alfred Adler had similarly argued for the centrality of goal-seeking in human psychology, as too had philosophical anthropologists like Ernst Bloch. Snyder also stressed the link between hope and mental willpower, as well as the need for realistic perception of goals, arguing that the difference between hope and optimism was that the former included practical pathways to an improved future. D. W. Winnicott saw a child's antisocial behavior as expressing an unconscious hope^[ for management by the wider society, when containment within the immediate family had failed. Object relations theory similarly sees the analytic transference as motivated in part by an unconscious hope that past conflicts and traumas can be dealt with a new.

Hope theory

As a specialist in positive psychology, Snyder studied how hope and forgiveness can impact several aspects of life such as health, work, education, and personal meaning. He postulated that there are three main things that make up hopeful thinking.

·       Goals – Approaching life in a goal-oriented way.

·       Pathways – Finding different ways to achieve your goals.

·       Agency – Believing that you can instigate change and achieve these goals.

In other words, hope was defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways.

Snyder argues that individuals who are able to realize these three components and develop a belief in their ability are hopeful people who can establish clear goals, imagine multiple workable pathways toward those goals, and persevere, even when obstacles get in their way.

Snyder proposed a "Hope Scale" which considered that a person's determination to achieve their goal is their measured hope. Snyder differentiates between adult-measured hope and child-measured hope. The Adult Hope Scale by Snyder contains 12 questions; 4 measuring 'pathways thinking', 4 measuring 'agency thinking', and 4 that are simply fillers. Each subject responds to each question using an 8-point scale. Fibel and Hale measure hope by combining Snyder's Hope Scale with their own Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale (GESS) to empirically measure hope. Snyder regarded that psychotherapy can help focus attention on one's goals, drawing on tacit knowledge of how to reach them. Similarly, there is an outlook and a grasp of reality to hope, distinguishing No Hope, Lost Hope, False Hope and Real Hope, which differ in terms of viewpoint and realism.

Hopeful	Outlook	Wishful	Committed
		Hopeful Outlook Distorted Reality False Hope	Hopeful Outlook Accurate Reality Real Hope
Skeptical		No Hope Hopeless Outlook Distorted Reality	Lost Hope Hopeless Outlook Accurate Reality
Hopeless		Helpless	Surrendered
		Grasp of Reality
		Uninformed Distorted Denied	Informed Accurate Assimilated

In healthcare

Background

Hope has the ability to help people heal faster and easier. Individuals who maintain hope, especially when battling illness, significantly enhance their chances of recovery. This is important because numerous people with chronic, physical, or mental illness believe that their condition is stable and that they have little chance of recovery. If health care providers begin to recognize the importance of hope in the recovery process, then they can learn to instill hope within their patients; this would enable patients to develop healthy coping strategies and therefore improve their physical and emotional well being.

Shaping people’s beliefs and expectations to be more hopeful and optimistic is an essential component of positive psychology. In general, people who possess hope and think optimistically have a greater sense of well being in addition to the improved health outcomes outlined above. Positive psychologists teach strategies to help boost people’s hope and optimism, which would benefit individuals coping with illness by improving their life satisfaction and recovery process.

Major theories

Of the countless models that examine the importance of hope in an individual’s life, there are two major theories that have gained a significant amount of recognition in the field of psychology. One of these theories, developed by Charles R. Snyder, argues that hope should be viewed as a cognitive skill that demonstrates an individual’s ability to maintain drive in the pursuit of a particular goal. This model reasons that an individual’s ability to be hopeful depends on two types of thinking: agency thinking and pathway thinking. Agency thinking refers to an individual’s determination to achieve their goals despite possible obstacles, while pathway thinking refers to the ways in which an individual believes they can achieve these personal goals.

Snyder’s theory uses hope as a mechanism that is most often seen in psychotherapy. In these instances, the therapist helps their client overcome barriers that have prevented them from achieving goals. The therapist would then help the client set realistic and relevant personal goals (i.e. "I am going to find something I am passionate about and that makes me feel good about myself"), and would help them remain hopeful of their ability to achieve these goals, and suggest the correct pathways to do so.

Whereas Snyder’s theory focuses on hope as a mechanism to overcome an individual’s lack of motivation to achieve goals, the other major theory developed by K.A Herth deals more specifically with an individual’s future goals as they relate to coping with illnesses Herth views hope as "a motivational and cognitive attribute that is theoretically necessary to initiate and sustain action toward goal attainment". Establishing realistic and attainable goals in this situation is more difficult, as the individual most likely does not have direct control over the future of their health. Instead, Herth suggests that the goals should be concerned with how the individual is going to personally deal with the illness—"Instead of drinking to ease the pain of my illness, I am going to surround myself with friends and family".

While the nature of the goals in Snyder’s model differ with those in Herth’s model, they both view hope as a way to maintain personal motivation, which ultimately will result in a greater sense of optimism.

Major empirical findings

Hope, and more specifically, particularized hope, has been shown to be an important part of the recovery process from illness; it has strong psychological benefits for patients, helping them to cope more effectively with their disease. For example, hope motivates people to pursue healthy behaviors for recovery, such as eating fruits and vegetables, quitting smoking, and engaging in regular physical activity. This not only helps to enhance people’s recovery from illnesses, but also helps prevent illness from developing in the first place.

Patients who maintain high levels of hope have an improved prognosis for life-threatening illness and an enhanced quality of life. Belief and expectation, which are key elements of hope, block pain in patients suffering from chronic illness by releasing endorphins and mimicking the effects of morphine. Consequently, through this process, belief and expectation can set off a chain reaction in the body that can make recovery from chronic illness more likely. This chain reaction is especially evident with studies demonstrating the placebo effect, a situation when hope is the only variable aiding in these patients’ recovery.

Overall, studies have demonstrated that maintaining a sense of hope during a period of recovery from illness is beneficial. A sense of hopelessness during the recovery period has, in many instances, resulted in adverse health conditions for the patient (i.e. depression and anxiety following the recovery process).

Additionally, having a greater amount of hope before and during cognitive therapy has led to decreased PTSD-related depression symptoms in war veterans. Hope has also been found to be associated with more positive perceptions of subjective health. However, reviews of research literature have noted that the connections between hope and symptom severity in other mental health disorders are less clear, such as in cases of individuals with schizophrenia.

Applications

The inclusion of hope in treatment programs has potential in both physical and mental health settings. Hope as a mechanism for improved treatment has been studied in the contexts of PTSD, chronic physical illness, and terminal illness, among other disorders and ailments. Within mental health practice, clinicians have suggested using hope interventions as a supplement to more traditional

cognitive behavioral therapies. In terms of support for physical illness, research suggests that hope can encourage the release of endorphins and enkephalins, which help to block pain.

Impediments

There are two main arguments based on judgement against those whom are advocates of using hope to help treat severe illnesses. The first of which is that if physicians have too much hope, they may aggressively treat the patient. The physician will hold on to a small shred of hope that the patient may get better. Thus, this causes them to try methods that are costly and may have many side effects. One physician noted that she regretted having hope for her patient; it resulted in her patient suffering through three more years of pain that the patient would not have endured if the physician had realized recovery was infeasible.

The second argument is the division between hope and wishing. Those that are hopeful are actively trying to investigate the best path of action while taking into consideration the obstacles. Research has shown though that many of those who have "hope" are wishfully thinking and passively going through the motions, as if they are in denial about their actual circumstances. Being in denial and having too much hope may negatively impact both the patient and the physician.

Benefits

The impact that hope can have on a patient’s recovery process is strongly supported through both empirical research and theoretical approaches. However, reviews of literature also maintain that more longitudinal and methodologically-sound research is needed to establish which hope interventions are actually the most effective, and in what setting (i.e. chronic illness vs. terminal illness).

In culture

In the matter of globalization, hope is focused on economic and social empowerment.

Focusing on parts of Asia, hope has taken on a secular or materialistic form in relation to the pursuit of economic growth. Primary examples are the rise of the economies of China and India, correlating with the notion of Chindia. A secondary relevant example is the increased use of contemporary architecture in rising economies, such as the building of the Shanghai World Financial Center, Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101, which has given rise to a prevailing hope within the countries of origin. In chaotic environments hope is transcended without cultural boundaries, Syrian refugee children are supported by UNESCO's education project through creative education and psycho-social assistance. Other inter-cultural support for instilling hope involve food culture, disengaging refugees from trauma through immersing them in their rich cultural past.

 

 

In management

Robert Mattox, a social activist and futurist, proposed in 2012 a social change theory based on the hope phenomenon in relation to leadership. Larry Stout postulated in 2006 that certain conditions must exist before even the most talented leaders can lead change.^[34] Given such conditions, Mattox proposes a change management theory around hope, suggesting that a leader can lead change and shape culture within a community or organization by creating a "hopes cape" and by harnessing the hope system.

In literature

Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul and sings the tune without the words and never stops at all.— Emily Dickinson

A classic reference to hope which has entered modern language is the concept that "Hope springs eternal" taken from Alexander Pope's Essay on Man, the phrase reading "Hope springs eternal in the human breast, Man never is, but always to be blest:" Another popular reference, "Hope is the thing with feathers," is from a poem by Emily Dickinson. Hope can be used as an artistic plot device and is often a motivating force for change in dynamic characters. A commonly understood reference from western popular culture is the subtitle "A New Hope" from the original first installment (now considered Episode IV) in the Star Wars science fiction space opera. The subtitle refers to one of the lead characters, Luke Skywalker, who is expected in the future to allow good to triumph over evil within the plot of the films.

Contemporary philosopher Richard Rorty understands hope as more than goal setting, rather as a meta narrative, a story that serves as a promise or reason for expecting a better future. Rorty as postmodernist believes past meta–narratives, including the Christian story, utilitarianism, and Marxism have proved false hopes; that theory cannot offer social hope; and that liberal man must learn to live without a consensual theory of social hope. Rorty says a new document of promise is needed for social hope to exist again.

Symbolism

The swallow has been a symbol of hope, in Aesop's fables and numerous other historic literature. It symbolizes hope, in part because it is among the first birds to appear at the end of winter and the start of spring.

Other symbols of hope include the anchor and the dove.

In mythology

Elpis (Hope) appears in ancient Greek mythology with the story of Zeus and Prometheus. Prometheus stole fire from the god Zeus, which infuriated the supreme god. In turn, Zeus created a box that contained all manners of evil, unbeknownst to the receiver of the box. Pandora opened the box after being warned not to, and unleashed a multitude of harmful spirits that inflicted plagues, diseases, and illnesses on mankind. Spirits of greed, envy, hatred, mistrust, sorrow, anger, revenge, lust, and despair scattered far and wide looking for humans to torment. Inside the box, however, Pandora also discovered and released a healing spirit named Hope. From ancient times, people have recognized that a spirit of hope had the power to heal afflictions and helps them bear times of great suffering, illnesses, disasters, loss, and pain caused by the malevolent spirits and events. In Hesiod's Works and Days, the personification of hope is named Elpis.

Norse mythology however considered Hope (Vön) to be the slobber dripping from the mouth of Fenris Wolf: their concept of courage rated most highly a cheerful bravery in the absence of hope.

In religion

Hope is a key concept in most major world religions, often signifying the "hoper" believes an individual or a collective group will reach a concept of heaven. Depending on the religion, hope can be seen as a prerequisite for and/or byproduct of spiritual attainment, among other things.

Christianity

Hope is one of the three theological virtues of the Christian religion, alongside faith and love "Hope" in the Holy Bible means "a strong and confident expectation" of future reward. In modern terms, hope is akin to trust and a confident expectation". Paul the Apostle argued that hope was a source of salvation for Christians: "For in hope we have been saved...if we hope for what we do not see, with perseverance we wait eagerly for it"^. According to the Holman Bible Dictionary, hope is a "trustful expectation...the anticipation of a favorable outcome under God's guidance. In The Pilgrim's Progress, it is Hopeful who comforts Christian in Doubting Castle; while conversely at the entrance to Dante's Hell were the words, "Lay down all hope, you that go in by me".

Hinduism

In historic literature of Hinduism, hope is referred to with Pratidhi (Sanskrit: प्रतिधी), or Apêksh (Sanskrit: अपेक्ष).It is discussed with the concepts of desire and wish. In Vedic philosophy, karma was linked to ritual sacrifices (yajna), hope and success linked to correct performance of these rituals. In Vishnu Smriti, the image of hope, morals and work is represented as the virtuous man who rides in a chariot directed by his hopeful mind to his desired wishes, drawn by his five senses, who keeps the chariot on the path of the virtuous, and thus is not distracted by the wrongs such as wrath, greed, and other vices.

In the centuries that followed, the concept of karma changed from sacramental rituals to actual human action that builds and serves society and human existence–a philosophy epitomized in the Bhagavad Gita. Hope, in the structure of beliefs and motivations, is a long-term karmic concept. In Hindu belief, actions have consequences, and while one’s effort and work may or may not bear near term fruits, it will serve the good, that the journey of one’s diligent efforts (karma) and how one pursues the journey,  sooner or later leads to bliss and moksha.

Desire is a sense of longing or hoping for a person, object, or outcome. The same sense is expressed by emotions such as "craving". When a person desires something or someone, their sense of longing is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of the item or person, and they want to take actions to obtain their goal. The motivational aspect of desire has long been noted by philosophers; Thomas Hobbes(1588–1679) asserted that human desire is the fundamental motivation of all human action.

While desires are often classified as emotions by laypersons, psychologists often describe desires as different from emotions; psychologists tend to argue that desires arise from bodily structures, such as the stomach's need for food, whereas emotions arise from a person's mental state. Marketing and advertising companies have used psychological research on how desire is stimulated to find more effective ways to induce consumers into buying a given product or service. While some advertising attempts to give buyers a sense of lack or wanting, other types of advertising create desire associating the product with desirable attributes, by showing either a celebrity or a model with the product.

The theme of desire is at the core of romance novels, which often create drama by showing cases where human desire is impeded by social conventions, class, or cultural barriers. The theme of desire is also used in other literary genres, such as Gothic novels (e.g., Dracula by Bram Stoker, in which desire is mingled with fear and dread). Poets ranging from Homer to Toni Morrison have dealt with the theme of desire in their work. Just as desire is central to the written fiction genre of romance, it is the central theme of melodrama films, which use plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the audience by showing "crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship", in which desire is thwarted or unrequited.

In philosophy

In philosophy, desire has been identified as a philosophical problem since Antiquity. In The Republic, Plato argues that individual desires must be postponed in the name of the higher ideal. In De Anima, Aristotle claims that desire is implicated in animal interactions and the propensity of animals to motion; at the same time, he acknowledges that reasoning also interacts with desire.

Hobbes (1588–1679) proposed the concept of psychological hedonism, which asserts that the "fundamental motivation of all human action is the desire for pleasure." Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) had a view which contrasted with Hobbes, in that "he saw natural desires as a form of bondage" that are not chosen by a person of their own free will. David Hume (1711–1776) claimed that desires and passions are non-cognitive, automatic bodily responses, and he argued that reasoning is "capable only of devising means to ends set by [bodily] desire".

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) called any action based on desires a hypothetical imperative, meaning by this that it is a command of reason that applies only if one desires the goal in question. Kant also established a relation between the beautiful and pleasure in Critique of Judgment. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel claimed that "self-consciousness is desire".

Because desire can cause humans to become obsessed and embittered, it has been called one of the causes of woe for mankind. Within the teachings of Buddhism, craving is thought to be the cause of all suffering that one experiences in human existence. The eradication of craving leads one to ultimate happiness, or Nirvana. However, desire for wholesome things is seen as liberating and enhancing. While the stream of desire for sense-pleasures must be cut eventually, a practitioner on the path to liberation is encouraged by the Buddha to "generate desire" for the fostering of skillful qualities and the abandoning of unskillful ones.

In religion

In Hinduism, the Rig Veda's creation myth Nasadiya Sukta states regarding the one (ekam) spirit: "In the beginning there was Desire (kama) that was first seed of mind. Poets found the bond of being in non-being in their heart's thought".

In Buddhism, for an individual to effect his or her liberation, the flow of sense-desire must be cut completely; however, while training, he or she must work with motivational processes based on skillfully applied desire.^[6] According to the early Buddhist scriptures, the Buddha stated that monks should "generate desire" for the sake of fostering skillful qualities and abandoning unskillful ones.

There is a double message here between what Buddha said, that desire must be created, and what some monks propose to their followers, that desire must be cut. Truth is Buddhism entails two aspects: the ideas monks taught to civilize peasantry, on the one hand, and the esoteric teachings of tantra (aimed at leaders) for self-realization, on the other, where—just as Buddha said—desire must be generated. Dr. Oscar R. Gómez holds that teachings imparted privately by H.H. 14th Dalai Lama are meant for leaders to be able to choose a specific desire consciously by creating it previously from the inside. People have a tendency to live based on desires coming from the outside, and such desires are the ones making choices for them. As an alternative, tantric Tibetan Buddhism allows to choose a desire consciously; to create desire rather than being created by it.

Within Christianity, desire is seen as something that can either lead a person towards God and destiny or away from him. Desire is not considered to be a bad thing in and of itself; rather, it is a powerful force within the human that, once submitted to the Lordship of Christ, can become a tool for good, for advancement, and for abundant living.

Scientific perspectives

Neuropsychology

While desires are often classified as emotions by laypersons, psychologists often describe desires as different from emotions. For psychologists, desires arise from bodily structures and functions (e.g., the stomach needing food and the blood needing oxygen). On the other hand, emotions arise from a person's mental state. A 2008 study by the University of Michigan indicated that, while humans experience desire and fear as psychological opposites, they share the same brain circuit. A 2008 study entitled "The Neural Correlates of Desire" showed that the human brain categorizes stimuli according to its desirability by activating three different brain areas: the superior orbitofrontal cortex, the mid-cingulate cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex.

In affective neuroscience, "desire" and "wanting" are operationally defined as motivational salience; the form of "desire" or "wanting" associated with a rewarding stimulus (i.e., a stimulus which acts as a positive reinforcer, such as palatable food, an attractive mate, or an addictive drug) is called "incentive salience" and research has demonstrated that incentive salience, the sensation of pleasure, and positive reinforcement are all derived from neuronal activity within the reward system. Studies have shown that dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens shell and endogenous opioid signaling in the ventral pallidum are at least partially responsible for mediating an individual's desire (i.e., incentive salience) for a rewarding stimulus and the subjective perception of pleasure derived from experiencing or "consuming" a rewarding stimulus (e.g., pleasure derived from eating palatable food, sexual pleasure from intercourse with an attractive mate, or euphoria from using an addictive drug). Research also shows that the orbitofrontal cortex has connections to both the opioid and dopamine systems, and stimulating this cortex is associated with subjective reports of pleasure.

Psychiatry

Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, who is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis, proposed the notion of the Oedipus complex, which argues that desire for the mother creates neuroses in their sons. Freud used the Greek myth of Oedipus to argue that people desire incest and must repress that desire. He claimed that children pass through several stages, including a stage in which they fixate on the mother as a sexual object. That this "complex" is universal has long since been disputed. Even if it were true, that would not explain those neuroses in daughters, but only in sons. While it is true that sexual confusion can be aberrative in a few cases, there is no credible evidence to suggest that it is a universal scenario. While Freud was correct in labeling the various symptoms behind most compulsions, phobias and disorders, he was largely incorrect in his theories regarding the etiology of what he identified.

French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) argues that desire first occurs during a "mirror phase" of a baby's development, when the baby sees an image of wholeness in a mirror which gives them a desire for that being. As a person matures, Lacan claims that they still feel separated from themselves by language, which is incomplete, and so a person continually strives to become whole. He uses the term "jouissance" to refer to the lost object or feeling of absence which a person believes to be unobtainable. For more details on the Lacanian conception of desire, see desire (psychoanalysis).

In marketing

Desire, in its simplest form, is a strong feeling of wanting to have something.In the context of marketing, desire is a consumer’s affective response to the acknowledged or remembered presence of a need; this need recognition is usually induced by a marketing message, communicated to the consumer by marketers (Dahlen, Lange & Smith, 2010). To understand this concept in more depth, it is helpful to first consider how desire fits into the marketing communications process; marketers call this process the linear model of communication.

As contended in Belch & Belch (2008), the linear model of communication is a basic dissection of the participants, communication tools, communication functions, processes and dysfunctions that constitute the marketing communications process. The two major participants in this process are the sender and receiver; respectively, the marketer and the consumer (Belch & Belch, 2008). The communication tools in this model are the marketers’ message to the consumer and the media vehicle (also known as the channel) in which the message is sent (Belch & Belch, 2008). The marketing communication process itself begins with communication functions; at this stage of the process, encoding occurs (Belch & Belch, 2008).

Belch & Belch (2008) assert that the sender uses their field of reference to convert data into information that can be understood by the receiver. Data are streams of raw facts that have not yet been put into context; whereas, information is the form that data takes once it has been organised into a structure that is meaningful to the user (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). To make the information meaningful to the consumer, the marketer encodes the message with appealing words, numbers, shapes, colours, sounds and perhaps even smells and tastes (Belch & Belch, 2008). The information is reformatted to catch the consumer’s attention while still suiting whichever media vehicle in which it is being sent.

For example, Belch & Belch (2008) argue that if the channel is a newspaper advertisement, the marketer will use words, numbers, shapes, images and sometimes colour to encode the message. From here the sender releases the encoded message into the channel and awaits a response from the consumer. Upon receipt, the second communication function is started. This is where the receiver begins decoding the message using their own field of reference (Dahlen et al., 2010).

The consumer uses their life experiences, perceptions, attitudes, values and knowledge to understand the message they have received (Belch & Belch, 2008). It is paramount to the effectiveness of the communication that the message is encoded with information that the receiver has the ability to decode. If the encoding process of the sender does not align with the decoding process of the receiver, the message will not be understood and is therefore likely to be ignored (Hoyer, MacInnis, & Pieter, 2012). Once the consumer has decoded the marketer’s message, the sub process of consumer response begins.

Belch & Belch (2008) maintained that in response to the message, depending on levels of communication dysfunction such as noise and distortion, the consumer will first process the message cognitively by paying attention to it. If levels of noise and distortion are too high, the consumer will ignore the message (Hoyer et al., 2012). Belch & Belch (2008) advise that given that the consumer does pay attention to the message, the response process will move into the affective stage. This is where the message captures the consumer’s interest, from here the consumer may develop a desire for the subject of the message; namely the offering being advertised for acquisition and consumption (Belch & Belch, 2008). Following desire is the behavioural stage of response.

This is the stage in which the consumer acts on the emotions birthed in the previous stage. Developed by E. K. Strong Jr. in 1925 (as cited in Belch & Belch, 2008), this sub process of the linear communication model is known as the AIDA Response model. Once the consumer’s response process is complete the linear communication model moves into its final process, feedback. This message is sent back to the sender from the receiver and comes in various forms that include but are not limited to word of mouth, warranty claims, comments on social media and telephone calls (Belch & Belch). This concludes the linear communications model. Upon acknowledging the place desire holds in the context of marketing, factors that influence desire can now be considered to broaden understanding of the concept.

The way in which a consumer communicates with their peers is called personal communication (Businessdictionary.com n.d.); from the perspective of the consumer, in regards to acquiring, consuming and disposing behaviour, this is the most credible source of information (Dahlen et al., 2010). For this reason, mind shapers, social influence in particular, hold a strong association with what a consumer is interested in and thusly, what a consumer desires. Social influence is pivotal to the offerings a consumer desires because as human beings, consumers are social creatures and have social needs (Hoyer et al., 2012). This idea is espoused in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (as cited in Hoyer et al., 2012) in the psychological social level of needs; here it is asserted by Maslow (cited in

Hoyer et al., 2012) that all humans have a psychological social need for relationships, acceptance and love.

Consumers seek to satiate this need by acquiring offerings that are in line with what their peers consider socially acceptable (Hoyer et al., 2012). Ergo, it is in line with this need to fit in that marketers seek to catch consumers’ attention, interest and desire through marketing messages that offer one liners such as “join the club!” and “don’t miss out” (Marcom Projects, 2007).

Although social needs are not the only human need satisfied by acquiring and consuming market offerings, from here it is conceivable that consumers desire offerings, advertised in marketing messages as a means to satisfy their social need for love and acceptance. It can also be gleaned that this need to fit in can also be considered as a fear: Put forward in Effie Worldwide (2015), a fear of missing out on what others do or own is also known in the marketing industry as FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out). This concept is also a social influence that shapes consumers’ minds and rationalizes desire.